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PEER Rylee:
Naming characteristics of muscle 
Biceps brachii 
Location- located in the upper arm.
Action- Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm.
Shape- Biceps refers to its two heads.
Function- primarily responsible for elbow flexion and forearm rotation.
Rectus abdominis
Location- Found in the abdomen, running vertically.
Action- Flexes the trunk during sit ups.
Shape- Rectus indicates its straight alignment.
Function- supports the abdominal wall and assists in posture.
Deltoid 
Location- covers the shoulder joint.
Action- Abducts,flexes, and extends the arm.
Shape- Named after its triangular shape.
Function- Primary muscle for shoulder movement and stabilization.
Soleus 
Location- Calf muscle beneath the larger gastrocnemius.
Action- Plantar Flexes the foot pointing the toes downward.
Shape- Lies deep and flat along the calf.
Function- important for standing, walking and running.
Gluteus Maximus 
Location- Largest muscle of the buttocks.
Action- Extends and laterally rotates the hip.
Shape- Large broad muscles.
Function- Essential for hip extension and maintaining posture.
The axial muscles are primarily involved in movements of the head, neck and trunk which include.
External intercostals
Origin- Lower border of ribs 
Insertion- Upper border of ribs 
Action- Elevates ribs during inspiration 
Innervation- Intercostal nerves
Stenocleidomastoid
Origin- Sternum and clavicle 
Insertion- Mastoid process of temporal bone 
Action- Flexes neck, laterally rotates head
Innervation- Spinal accessory nerve (CN,XI)
Appendicular muscles are those involved in movements of the limbs.
Biceps Femoris
Origin- ischial tuberosity long head, femur short head. 
Insertion- Fibula and tibia
Action- Flexes knee, laterally rotates knee, extends hip.
Innervation- Tibial nerve long head, common peroneal nerve short head 
Similarities and difference in muscle groups contribute to specialized functions 
Upper limbs- muscles like the deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis facilitate intricate movements for manipulation and fine motor control 
Lower limbs- Muscles such as the quadriceps Femoris rectus Femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, hamstrings biceps Femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gastrocnemius are essential for locomotion, weight bearing, and balance.
Understanding these muscles actions, origin, insertion, and innervation aids in appreciating their roles in movement and stability throughout the body. Each muscle group has different functions tailored to the demands of the upper and lower limbs, reflecting the body’s need for both precision and power in various activities. 
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2017). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology(11th ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions. https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9781323754764
Peer Janice:
osterior view of upper back
Lavatories Costarum Breves
Origin: transverse processes of the 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: The outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle.
Action: Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side.
Synergists: External intercostals, serratus posterior superior, internal intercostals.
Splenius Capitis
Origin: Spinous processes of c7-t3, inferior half of ligamentum nuchae.
Insertion: Mastoid process and lateral third of the superior nuchal line. 
Action: acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to the same side.
Synergists: Splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicalis, superior portion of the trapezius.
Serratus Posterior Superior
Origin: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of the 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd and 3rd thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: Superior borders of 2nd-5th ribs distal to the angles.
Action: Elevates the ribs and is a muscle of inspiration.
Synergists: Levatores costarum breves, scalenus.
Longissimus Capitis
Origin: Transverse processes of the 1st-5th thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the 4th-7th cervical vertebrae.
Insertion: the posterior margin of the mastoid process.
Action: Acting bilaterally, extends the head: acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the head to the same side.
Synergists: Semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis, longissimus cervicis.
Splenius Cervicis
Origin: Spinous processes of 3rd-6th thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: 1st, 2nd ,3rd and sometimes the 4th cervical vertebrae transverse processes on the posterior aspect.
action: acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the neck to the same.
Synergists: splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, superior portion of trapezius for extension and lateral Flexon.
Reference:
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