an
organization’s top managers tend to have titles such as chief executive officer
(CEO), chief operating officer (COO), president, and senior vice president. Top
managers make long-term decisions about the overall direction of the organization
and establish the objectives, policies, and strategies for it.Top managers make
long term decision about the overall direction of an organization
They need to pay a lot of attention
to the environment outside the organization, being alert for long-run
opportunities and problems and devising strategies for dealing with them. Thus,
executives at this level must be future oriented, strategic, and able to deal
with uncertain, highly competitive conditions.
Middle managers implement those decisions, and first-line
managers make short nterm decisions. managers implement the policies and
plans of the top managers above them and supervise and coordinate the
activities of the first-line managers below them. Titles might include plant
manager, district manager, and regional manager, among others. In the nonprofit
world, middle managers may have titles such as clinic director, dean of student
services, and the like. Middle managers are critical for organizational success
because they implement the strategic plans created by CEOs and top managers.
Middle managers
implement the policies and plans of the top managers above them and supervise
and coordinate the activities of the first-line managers below them. Titles
might include plant manager, district manager, and regional manager, among
others. In the nonprofit world, middle managers may have titles such as clinic
director, dean of student services, and the like. Middle managers are critical
for organizational success because they implement the strategic plans created
by CEOs and top managers. (Strategic planning is discussed in Chapter 6.)  
Following the plans of middle and top managers, first-line
managers make short term operating decisions, directing the daily tasks of
nonmanagerial personnel, who are,
of course, all those people who work directly at their jobs
but don’t oversee the work of others. No doubt the job of first-line manager
will be the place where you would start your managerial career. This can be a
valuable experience because it will be the training and testing ground for your
management ideas. Like supervisor